You do realize that medieval countries were normally far smaller than countries are nowadays, yeah? The sheer delay and effort of communications being enough to singlehandedly cap the viable size by itself (with a rare few exceptions, mainly countries able to use boats - and the mongolians because they sure don't play by anyone's rules, not even thumb's rules (rule of thumb)).
But that is not the main reason why her recognizing it on a world map would be feasible.
Names change with the language.
But the reason it isn't feasible, is because borders don't exist in reality. As you see from the image, he shows a map without anything beyond the shorelines marked, and even if her country wasn't landlocked (or she knew some maritime countries) the sheer scale of things makes it hard to spot the shoreline you would recognize. There's a reason most islands (or other smaller details and rivers) aren't visible on most world-maps, despite them being exactly how I would go about locating my city on a map if I had to.
Besides, even if his map had had borders, the nature of maps back then would be that the borders drawn would be (extremely) inexact and likely outdated. Even moreso if it is a place far enough away to not know the name of your country. So she wouldn't have been able to rely on them.