Brazillian here:
Feijoada started with slaves using leftover pig parts, like feet, ears, even the head, to add flavor to coocked beans, it sorta evolved into beans with lots of bacon and pork meat.
Cachorro Quente is literally just Hot Dogs, except here the sausages are usually cooked in a tomato sauce, with some spices and things like sliced onions, and that kind of stuff.
Batata Palha can be translated as Straw Potato, it's cut a little thinner than a USB wire. We use it on pretty much everything, from hot dogs, to rice, potato salad, pizza... Mainly used like sredded cheese, sprinkled on top.