The oldest Christmas celebration to be held in Japan is believed to have been held by Jesuit missionary, Cosme de Trace, who preached in Japan with legendary Christian proselytizer Francis Xavier. Cosme held a celebration in what is now Yamaguchi Prefecture as far back as 1552.
Around 1560, 100 newly minted Japanese Christians gathered in Kyoto to celebrate 降誕祭 (koutandai), which is a word meaning “festival of the birth of a great saint” and is an early Japanese word to refer to Christmas.
Intriguingly, from 1568, there exists a note by Jesuit Priest Luis Frois that reads “Nobunaga Oda and Hisahide Matsunaga held a ceasefire for Christmas.” Many historians take this as an indication that there were Christmas celebrations being held all around the place in Japan at the time.
Unfortunately, Cosme and his Christian crew were unable to effectively push their religion when Shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa banned Christianity, on pain of death, in 1612.
Tokugawa didn’t manage to wholly eradicate the Christian faith though, with a group of Christians in Amakusa and other places, quite literally “keeping the faith” across several centuries. They are known in Japan as the “kakure kurisuchan”, translated as “Christians-in-Hiding”.
But, not surprisingly, it is not recorded whether Christmas was celebrated during this time whatsoever, let alone what was on the dinner menu if it was.
This period also became the time where Japan cut itself off from the rest of the world. Allowing no foreigners in, and no Japanese out, it was the time of the “sakoku” or “locked nation”.
They did allow a couple of small trading outposts at the more far-flung extremes, such as Dejima in Nagasaki. It is reported that the foreign barbarians who congregated in this area celebrated some kind of “winter solstice festival”.
Bearing in mind that December 25 is actually based on Romanic and later Germanic winter solstice festivals of “yule ”, it sounds like the out-of-towners non-Japanese were hosting Christmas bashes on the sly.
Fast forward to the Meiji era, the period after Admiral Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay in 1853, stood next to a smoking cannon, and politely asked the Japanese to open up their country to trade with his friendly, and powerful, nation of America.
In 1873, the decree outlawing the practice of the Christian religion was lifted and the Christians-In-Hiding inside Japan breathed a sigh of relief two and a half centuries coming.
The iconic Meiji-ya foreign import goods store, which opened in 1885 in Ginza, began selling Christmas paraphernalia. Christmas started to catch on with the common people, or at least those curious about all things barbarian.
But it is believed that Christmas cheer did not really spread in earnest until the Showa era.
Up until WWII, there were national holidays for both the Emperor’s birthday and the death of the past Emperor. When Emperor Taisho passed away on December 25, 1926, the date became a national holiday.
December 25 remained a holiday until the passing of a broader law on national holidays came into effect in 1948. This meant that Japan had, by coincidence, a holiday for Christmas for a couple of decades in the early 20th century without really even knowing it.
By this time. though, special Christmas menu items were beginning to be offered at cafes and coffee shops in Tokyo. Shop staff began donning various pieces of Christmas clothing.
When Japan entered WWII, it became not so cool to celebrate all things Western.
Not-so-cool as in the use of English was banned. Western-style festivals were roundly discouraged. Interestingly, there do exist pictures of Christmas trees, and some Christmas items in Japan during this time. It seems that Christmas even found a way to live in wartime Japan.
If nothing else, this would suggest that certain Christmas traditions had become pretty well ingrained by this time.
Showing some similarities with how Christmas is celebrated in many European countries, Christmas Eve is the main event in Japan. But, in contrast to European Christmas Eves, Japanese traditions for Christmas Eve are closer to a Valentine’s Day style events, with people seeing it as a time for couples to make romance.
This idea of Christmas being something that couples celebrate more than families can be seen, and may have been strengthened by, the 1982 hit song “koijin ga Santa Claus”
which somewhat translates as “Santa Claus Is My Lover“.