This part looks at the flaws of traditional military organisation and hierarchy, in the face of a modern military. During the Opium Wars and Boxer Rebellion, China's Eight Banners was woefully unprepared to fight modern European, American and Japanese armies:
- Designed around ethnic and clan identity, during wartime politicians had to decide which and how many units from each Banner had to be mobilised based on political and military reasons.
- Structured for both administrative and military organisation, leading to slow bureaucracy and a lack of training or updating during peacetime.
- In order to prevent military commanders from forming bases of loyalty from troops and locals from military achievements, whoever was chosen as overall commander (if at all) was rotated or reassigned from the frontlines.
- Units were scattered across the country and fulfilled different roles, leading to slow movement & lines of communication, inconsistent quality of weapons & equipment and little coordination between commanders without clear orders.
- Worse of all: The military had become so complacent from being used for internal conflicts and a lack of foreign threats, that it was not prepared to fight against militaries that were highly mobile, better organised, had more advanced weapons and allowed to act without political authorisation.