The Obstetrical Dilemma arises from two competing evolutionary pressures: bipedalism and brain size. Bipedalism uses the femur as a lever to stabilize the torso, which requires narrow hips and a longer femur head. Conversely, if you narrow the hips, you limit maximum brain size, and large brains have proven very helpful to humans. As such evolution in humans has pressure to both increase the hip size (and allow for larger brains) and decrease the hip size (and allow for better stability).
This is the Obstetrical Dilemma.
Humans have evolved certain workarounds to this dilemma. If you've ever seen other primates give birth, their newborn children essentially just slide right out. In humans, labor can last for hours if not days, as human babies rotate to fit through the birth canal, alleviating some of the dilemma's constraints. Human's also have shorter gestation than other primates, so we essentially push our babies out prematurely when they can still fit, which is why babies have soft skulls and look gross till they're about 3 months old.
Research into this area is still ongoing, but the Obstetrical Dilemma is the current prevailing theory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrical_dilemma