I have something like this (except....older), and now I feel like I'm taking its existence for granted...
A quick googling revealed earliest patented peelers are from the 19th century, but it probably took until the 20th century for them to become an item in every kitchen. Even so, I don't understand why the Japanese insist on using a big ass knife to peel a potato, carrot, an apple, or actually pretty much anything. It's like small knives don't even exist in Japan. Though I do have a smaller Japanese kitchen knife, a very good one, but it's still bigger than one I'd use to peel anything, should I use a knife instead of a peeler (which I won't). So, a peeler wouldn't be a proper tool for this historical setting manga, but I'm willing to bet neither is a huge Japanese knife.