Oooh boy... do your work, comment section.
While you are at it, may I recommend the podcast "Our Fake History"?
Specially the episodes about the "Galileo Affair".
It's not so much fake as seriously misreported as the persecution of science at the hands of superstition. In some ways it's modern humanism's founding myth.
In reality:
1. The view that Pope Urban VIII subscribed to, Aristotelian Geocentrism, held that the Earth is the centre of the Universe and the orbits of all heavenly bodies were around it. However it came from Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, polymath and definite Pagan. Not Christianity.
He was a brilliant man, and Aristotle has been called the father of logic, biology, political science, zoology, embryology, natural law, scientific method, rhetoric, psychology, realism, criticism, individualism, teleology, and meteorology, but on geocentrism he was wrong.
2. Nicene Christianity as a whole (Protestants, Orthodox, Roman Catholics, Nestorians) didn't actually have a theory for the motion of the heavens. It didn't even really contemplate the question. Aristotelian geocentrists in those churches however did try to construct a case for geocentrism by using bible verses out of context.
3. Galileo was encouraged to write a second book comparing geocentric theory with heliocentrism, by his long-time good friend and superfan, Cardinal Maffeo Barberini. He decided to finally write that book when Barberini later became Pope Urban VIII. Yup, that pope and that book.
Barberini was a bit of a polymath and researcher himself and followed all the most recent scientific papers of the day. He wasn't just "Hurr durr, muh bible" and was really excited when Galileo told him he was writing it.
4. So when the now Pope Urban VIII got his hands on a copy of the new book, he was devastated. His friend and personal hero had taken his own analysis as the argument for geocentrism and presented it as being written by a guy called "Idiot" (Simplicio).
Galileo probably didn't act out of malice but it didn't seem that way to Urban. Urban had recently had a lot of assassination attempts and was super sensitive at the time to criticism and public mockery.
5. Galileo was called to Rome to defend his writings, and he was charged, not for insulting the Pope, but for pushing heliocentrism.
6. He was found "suspect of heresy", but because he was never formally charged with heresy he didn't face any corporal punishment.
He was sentenced to formal imprisonment "at the pleasure of the Inquisition". And the next day Urban commuted it to house arrest. And of course his book, featuring the "idiot" and his arguments was banned.
7. Galileo's "house arrest" was then extended to the entire city, and later he was allowed to go to his villa at Arcetri near Florence to be house arrested there too. He continued to hang with archbishops and other high ranking churchmen. While enjoying his house arrest he wrote one of his greatest works, Two New Sciences, on kinematics and strength of materials. This book was highly praised by Albert Einstein. As a result of this work, Galileo is often called the "father of modern physics". Later he developed a painful hernia and insomnia, so his house arrest was further extended to Florence so he could go there for medical consultations.
8. When he died the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wanted to bury him with honors in the Basilica of Santa Croce, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour. These plans were dropped, however, after Pope Urban VIII's nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested. So he was instead buried in one of the small wings extending off the basilica.
He was later reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.
9. As soon as the inquisition ended, the Protestants who had fought a lot of recent wars with Catholics immediately hailed him as a martyr for truth over primitive superstition, and started the myth that so many believe today. The knock on effect of the inquisition was a far more rapid adoption of heliocentrism in Protestant countries and churches than might of otherwise occurred. Because if the hated Catholic church was against it, then it must be true. After all, the pope was antichrist.
Because of that just 60 years later Isaac Newton was formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation in England.
Addendum A: There was never anyone executed by Catholics for heliocentrism as half their churchmen would be goners. Nor were any charged with heresy.
There was a heliocentrist named Giordano Bruno was executed in 1600 by being burned at the stake, but not due to his support of heliocentrism. He also was keen on totes heretical Arianism which is what got him cooked.
Heresy charges and burnings were saved for the real heretics, Hussites, Calvinists, Lutherans, Baptists and Huguenots.
B: At the time one of the reasons seemingly discrediting Heliocentrism was the math. The problem was that they were all assuming circular orbits. Although geocentrism also had problems, they didn't seem as off as the heliocentric models.
It wasn't until it was realized that the orbits were elliptical, some highly so, that the calculations all fell into place for the heliocentric model.
