Gravity was 'discovered' in XVII century. First court was made in I believe XIII century. How long do you think it took for people to realize that feces on the streets causes people to be ill?
You would be surprised how simple and obvious things can be overlooked, but the moment you hear someone else mention them, you wonder why you couldn't have realized it before.
These people have no prior experience with even the idea of a golem. To them it's just a harmless blob of water that may become a bigger blob of water, that only some people will be able to use. Given time and advancing in it, they'll surely start asking "What else can it do?" and eventually progress to all these tasks...but it is actually quite reasonable for them to not be able to foresee such advanced consequences of the research. After all, nuclear bombs are unforeseen circumstances of research too, despite the research being about a source of massive energy that is basically 'screaming' "WEAPONS".
Wait, there are some big misconceptions here. The "discovery" of gravity you're refering to is Newton's work I presume? Well, that was a complete mathematical model that was successful at predicting (some) planet's orbits, along with a whole calculus system. It can't be compared to the "simple and obvious" things you mentioned.
I don't know what exactly you mean about "court" but if it's the concept of judging someone institutionally, then it has already existed in ancient Mesopotamia, possibly even in pre-history. If those examples seem too different to you, then ancient Rome certainly shouldn't - there's a reason why much of modern law and principles is based on theirs.
It's hard to say when they realized, but probably around the same time when they came to know that corpses out in the open cause the same, so yeah - pre-history. I'm afraid that the story about medieval people just throwing shit on the streets and everyone being fine with that is a myth. Cities back then certainly weren't what we'd call clean but they did try. There were cleaners for city streets and communal cesspits where dumping was expected to happen. Germ theory was of course unknown, but that's just it - it doesn't take a modern scientist to notice that wherever some basic cleanliness isn't maintained, people fall ill in mass.
Nuclear weapons are a product of a massive project that was supposed to develop them. There's nothing unforseen here, unless you mean that Einstein and other physicists did not expect their work to be used like that. In that case, it's a story as old as humanity.
Yes, I would expect regular people with no magic development background to reason like this. Not those two however, their whole job is to think about new discoveries that would benefit their countries. Such people existed among IRL ancient civilizations and you'd be suprised what they would come up with. As I mentioned, Espiridion at least has an excuse, he hasn't had time to think about it. The girl however has worked on this for a long time and her family presumably had a far better version in the past - how has not anyone even entertained the concept that something that follows orders could be used more practically? I'm not talking about the details of how and what, just the very concept. I'd also understand if her ancestors decided not to work on this - after all, you can hardly make a pseudo-religious, supernatural figure start helping with mundane construction or something, they'd see this as counter to what they already did.
