I don't know what exactly you mean about "court" but if it's the concept of judging someone institutionally, (...)
A court is a court. Judging is judging. While judging is done in a court, a court is not judging.
Before courts, judging was done largely by lords or their representatives. Or...well...populace, but that's hardly the kind of judging most would want.
It's like the difference between there being education and there being schools (those are ancient, yes, but that's not why I bring them up). People taught one another since the literal beginning of humanity. But a structured, widely available institution meant to teach people in multiple fields, despite not necessarily being related to those fields themselves, required the civilization to actually progress to a certain level.
Returning to the courts...why it is important? When you have someone like the lord or his selected representatives judge people over anything that requires judging...you have not only a lot of bias but also very little chance of fairness. Under similar circumstances, the outcome can be different.
Constructing a more specialized structure, honing in on fields that are being judged, lowers these risks. That is what courts, institutions that are specialized in judging instead of doing it alongside other responsibilities, are offering.
Of course...that doesn't mean that they instantly worked well like that...and they certainly stopped working all that well somewhere along the way as well...but that's a different story.
I'm afraid that the story about medieval people just throwing shit on the streets and everyone being fine with that is a myth.
No one would be fine with something smelling absolutely pungently all the time around them. That does not correspond to them knowing what effect it has on health to any relevant level beyond just 'it stinks, I need to vomit!'.
Rotting corpses are another thing entirely. Meat is something you eat. Even outside of cannibals that would themselves obviously get sick from eating human meat, humans always observed animals and most animals won't touch rotting meat. Humans also learned after eating rotting meat of animals. If they didn't...humanity would have likely gone extinct so they kind of didn't have an option not to if we're here.
(...) it doesn't take a modern scientist to notice that wherever some basic cleanliness isn't maintained, people fall ill in mass.
Again, you are looking through the prism of your knowledge. Concepts that are absolutely obvious to you don't have to be obvious to people that had no contact with knowledge about them. Humans can live with things, without understanding them. Humans used fire long, LONG before understanding it. Heck, I'm sure that many people even in modern times don't actually know what fire is exactly.
The fact that humans had serious outbreaks of sicknesses that were caused and/or compounded by lack of cleanliness is more than enough evidence of that. If they really did know the correlation between the two to what is nowadays considered a 'basic level', there just wouldn't be so many issues caused by lack of it.
In that case, it's a story as old as humanity.
Which you try to deny with your posts.
Not those two however, their whole job is to think about new discoveries that would benefit their countries.
I don't think you would go far as a scientist.
Advancing science requires actually acting, not just thinking. Just thinking is what philosophers do. Yes, many philosophers were also scientists. But 'also' is a key word here.
I'll tell you this, as a pragmatic person.
1) There's a problem.
2) There's a need to solve the problem.
3) There's a thought that may offer how to solve the problem.
4) There's finding a way to solve the problem using said thought.
5) New thing is invented based on the thought.
6) Problem is solved.
7) Other ways to apply/utilize/upgrade the new thing are being thought of.
If you try to skip from step 3 to step 7, you'll never get anything done.
The girl set as her goal to bring back the
lost magic and formulate a theory around it. More on that later.
She did not yet succeed. This very meeting proves that. It shows that she is still lacking. She didn't achieve her goal. At the same time, she doesn't seem to be 'in a rut' either. She's focused on what her goal is. Once she progresses the magic to a satisfying point,
then she will think of how to utilize it. Otherwise, she will think of it if she comes across a problem that can be solved by it.
(...) how has not anyone even entertained the concept that something that follows orders could be used more practically?
This argument about whether or not her ancerstors thought of any use for this is completely nonsensical based on the fact that is a
lost magic. If she had the information her ancestors had, then she wouldn't need to research it in the first place.
Meanwhile, all we know is that
she researches this and that others think she's weird for it. What on earth made you think there even
are others besides her that remotely think about it? For all we know, there may not even be a single person knowing about the existence of that doll besides her, and now these two. It was even clearly said here that if she published her current (still incomplete) research on the topic it would cause serious issues due to basically trampling on the followed beliefs.